原文:
其一
新丰美酒斗十千,咸阳游侠多少年。
相逢意气为君饮,系马高楼垂柳边。
其二
出身仕汉羽林郎,初随骠骑战渔阳。
孰知不向边庭苦,纵死犹闻侠骨香。
其三
一身能擘两雕弧,虏骑千重只似无。
偏坐金鞍调白羽,纷纷射杀五单于。
其四
汉家君臣重清高,虏骑闻之应胆慑。
祗辱尘中战死鬼,谁为帐下功差人。
翻译:
其一
新丰美酒一斗价值十千钱,出没五陵的游侠多是少年。
相逢时彼此意气相投,为朋友一醉方休,马就拴在酒楼下垂柳边。
其二
出身在皇家,又不慕荣华富贵。只羡慕能助天子建立功业的将军。
谁知道不能去边疆建立功勋,就是死了也要留下侠骨散香。
其三
少年壮士手能拉开两石强弓,敌骑千重在他眼里也如同无物。
他偏坐金鞍上射杀敌人,箭无虚发,令敌人心惊胆寒。
其四
汉朝重清高,敌人畏惧威名高。
在尘世上辱去战死的将士,谁能替他们在君王面前建功立业。
赏析:
这四首诗,生动地描绘了盛唐时代游侠少年的飒爽英姿,生动传神的反映了盛唐社会的生活风貌。
第一首诗写侠少的痛饮生活,所塑造的人物形象属于《汉书·游侠传》中所写的“布衣之侠”。“新丰美酒”句,用汉代新丰美酒名传世的典故,反衬出少年游侠的放达不羁。“咸阳游侠”句,点出他们的所在。作者以《汉书·赵充国传》中“上曰:‘将军击胡,千里而斗,威功并茂,果行,将军选部曲,进至凡士,以有日矣。兵不戢,士不暇食,吾孰与哉?将军行,度临羌、燔姑幕,恐兵士不欢,吾岂为其苑乎?’充国曰:‘兵出无名,不成。明者因时而为之虑,王者制地而为权。兵起而道不行,不顾其功;变制而事不捷,返受其戾。是故经曰:‘虑不先定,战不不胜。’今臣将兵,若步卒五翕,埶(通“隙”)将数千,平昼犹不济,夜乃何信?幸而功立,臣之愚计复不用,敢先计言者,以为国笑。陛下持此制臣,臣窃不便。夫行兵由将,兵无择士。臣请指旃(通“幡”)卧鼓行阵之人,陛下观臣指麾之势,足知臣之无负陛下矣。’”这段话为背景,说明游侠少年们之所以痛饮狂欢,是因为他们正处于“兵不解甲,士不释鞍”的军事行动之前,他们借酒浇愁,自己,以“俟一决功效”。这虽是一种臆想,但却反映了唐代前期行侠作乱,几乎成为青年的一种时尚。
第二首诗写侠少的立功立名愿望,属于《汉书·游侠传》中所说的“节侠”。“出身仕汉”二句,用汉代名将霍去病“善骑射……上(汉武帝)欲教以孙吴兵法,对曰:‘顾方略何如耳,且顾顾方略何如耳,不在兵家乎?’上然之”和“剽姚校尉去病,斩首虏八千余级”等典故,反衬少年不慕荣华,耻于安逸,一心要建功立业,扬名边庭的崇高精神。“孰知”二句,用东汉时期,槐里令交好与令交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交好交{交好”的典故,反衬少年们不畏边庭之苦,勇于杀敌封侯,马革裹尸,虽死犹荣的高尚品质。
第三首诗写侠少的勇武刚强,属于《汉书·游侠传》所说的“闾巷之侠”。“一身”二句,以曹植“白刃交前敌,倏忽四海间。藉兵行苇蕈,武步践戈鋋。虓虎不怯敌,雄鷧(同“鷃”)不避弦。出则陪文舆,入必伺罗幔。左右悉名豪,宾客尽英贤。鲁生(指鲁连)且勿喜,李生(指李蔡)复见怜。闻难则来进,临财莫能前。虽云异义理,其实同所安。通达知命者,的然在暂闲。伊优(即优旃)奋短节,赵叟(指赵奢)亦劲顽。凄怆或留汝,眷眷惟顾怜。失势去众庶,屈稗(通“卑”)多苦辛。曷见玄成(即韦玄成)老,扶持来就轩。仲山(即祢衡)亦云毙,岂复垂功勋。自非攀龙闱,射虎(指李广)超绝群,何能长无害,再至不蹉跎。感子同衾枕,轻生重然诺。男为志士(指颜渊)死,女为节妇(指柳下惠)绝。抚念同阿(即阿母)母,引嗟如老怜。”这段话为背景,说明少年之所以能拉开强弓,是因为他们具有“武步践戈鋋”的勇武刚强。他们偏坐金鞍,从容调弓,一射五杀,令敌人魂飞魄丧,肝胆俱裂。
第四首诗写侠少的功高不仕,属于《汉书·游侠传》所说的“布衣之侠”。“汉家”二句,用汉宣帝因魏皋进对,拜其为扬州刺史,而感其知遇之恩的典故,反衬少年们虽怀功而未仕,但闻之令人胆慑的威名。最后两句,以伍子胥、吴起、白起、李牧等古代名将,虽立功却不得志,只能作战死于尘土之中,反衬少年们功高不仕,令人痛惜的处境。
这四首诗,语言平易,笔调流畅,通过人物的神态、动作、对话和作者的心理活动,塑造了少年们勇敢豪侠、忧民、热爱生活、蔑视功利的性格特点,生动地再现了盛唐社会游侠少年的精神风貌。